Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which remains dormant in the body after the initial chickenpox infection. Although it is more common in older adults, this condition can occur at any age, particularly in individuals with a compromised immune system.
Symptoms
The first sign is usually localized pain or a burning sensation, often accompanied by skin sensitivity. Within a few days, red lesions appear that develop into small, clustered blisters (vesicles), often along an area of the body called a dermatome (the skin area innervated by the same sensory root). These rashes can cause intense discomfort and are often accompanied by fever. When the face is affected, especially around the eye, the condition can be more severe and requires immediate attention.
Causes
Shingles is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which remains inactive in the nerve ganglia after the chickenpox infection. Factors such as ageing, diseases that weaken the immune system, stress, or even certain medications can trigger reactivation. Adults over 50 years of age, immunocompromised patients, and individuals who have never had the chickenpox vaccine are at greater risk.
Impact and Complications
The most common complication is postherpetic neuralgia, which occurs when pain (similar to a burning or electric shock sensation) persists after the lesions have healed. This pain can be debilitating and last for months. Other complications include secondary infections in the lesions and vision loss when the affected area is near the eye (ocular herpes zoster). In rare cases, the condition can progress to encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), which requires urgent hospital treatment.
Diagnosis and Medical Care
The diagnosis is made based on the symptoms and the characteristic pattern of the lesions. Treatment includes antivirals such as aciclovir or valaciclovir, which should be administered early, ideally within the first 72 hours, to reduce the severity and speed up recovery. Painkillers and topical medications help relieve symptoms. In more complex cases, specific treatments such as nerve blockers may be recommended.
Prevention
Vaccination is the most effective form of prevention. Available to adults over 50 or those in at-risk groups, the vaccine significantly reduces the likelihood of developing shingles. Additionally, a strong immune system, maintained through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management, contributes to prevention.
Finally, it is important to note that the virus spreads through direct contact with the fluid from the blisters or through indirect contact with contaminated objects. The contagious period can last up to 2 weeks, with an incubation period of 2-4 days after contact with an infected person.
24, February 2025
